China’s 996 work culture, which involves working 9 AM to 9 PM, 6 days a week, has sparked a global debate. Praised by some for boosting productivity, critics call it exploitative.

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This guide explains what is 996 work culture is, its origins, legal status, and impact on workers.

Quick Insights ⚡:

• 996 work culture means 9 AM–9 PM, 6 days a week.
• Started in China’s tech industry (e.g., Alibaba, Huawei).
• Illegal under Chinese labor law, but still practiced.
• Causes burnout, health issues, and declining job satisfaction.
• Some companies now face pushback and government scrutiny.

What Is 996 Work Culture in China?

The 996 work culture refers to a work schedule often found in Chinese tech companies. It has shaped the lives of many young workers and led to numerous debates about jobs, health, and what constitutes fair work.

The Meaning of “996”

The “996” work system refers to a schedule that involves working from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m., six days a week. That adds up to 72 hours at work every week. Usually, these extra hours are unpaid.

You do not receive overtime pay, and long shifts can become the norm rather than the exception. This is especially common in tech startups, but other industries in China have also adopted it.

This fast-paced routine can lead to workers feeling tired, stressed, and sometimes even sick. The primary goal is to accomplish more work, not to protect your time off.

Where the Term Came From

The term “996” began to appear in the early 2010s. It gained popularity as China’s tech industry expanded, particularly among new startups and large internet companies. 

Leaders and managers liked the idea and began using “996” as a way to demonstrate the intensity of their teams' work.

It was used as a badge of honor. People would say “we work 996!” to mean they were dedicated and tough, and so were their coworkers. 

This label spread quickly as more companies tried to look successful by working longer hours.

Here’s how it spread:

• Coined in tech companies and startups
• Adopted quickly after some bosses praised it
• Became a sign of a company with big dreams and tough employees

Why It Became Popular

Competition in China’s tech world is fierce. Startups and large firms alike want to grow rapidly, launch new products, and outpace their competitors. 

This made working longer hours appear to be the best way to get ahead.

Many workers felt pressure to follow the “996” schedule so they would not fall behind or lose their jobs. There was also a sense of national pride in working hard.

Jack Ma, the founder of Alibaba, even called 996 a “blessing” and said it was good for young people who wanted to succeed. 

Comments like this led other leaders and companies to view 996 as normal, even when it made work-life balance challenging for employees.

Key reasons for 996’s popularity:

• Intense job competition
• Pressure from bosses and peers
• Belief that longer hours lead to more success
• Public praise from tech leaders like Jack Ma

How 996 Work Culture Affects Employees

Working harder means better results, but the 996 work culture in China often leads to more harm than good. 

Long schedules from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m., six days a week, have serious effects on your health, family life, and even cause people to speak out or protest.

Mental and Physical Health Concerns

When you work twelve hours a day for six days straight, your body and mind can suffer. 

Many employees report experiencing constant tiredness, headaches, and stress that persist despite efforts to alleviate them.

Sleep problems are common since long hours leave little time for rest. Some workers report feeling burned out and struggle to stay motivated.

These conditions can cause more serious trouble:

• Burnout: You might lose interest or joy in your job.
• Chronic stress: Ongoing stress can damage your immune system.
• Physical health risks: A lack of sleep increases the risk of heart and stomach problems.
• Sudden death: Some cases have resulted in sudden medical emergencies, leading to the term "996. ICU," which means the job could send you to the Intensive Care Unit.

Work-Life Balance and Family Strain

With a 996 work schedule, you get very little personal time. Many workers feel like they never get to see their family and friends.

Missed family dinners, birthdays, and other special events become the norm. 

This lifestyle leads to problems outside of work:

• Family stress: Relationships with your spouse and kids might weaken.
• High turnover: Many people frequently change jobs to escape these long hours.
• Job dissatisfaction: Feeling unhappy at work increases when you don't have time for yourself.

You may find it hard to relax or pursue hobbies, making life feel less enjoyable.

Public Backlash and Worker Protests

The harsh effects of the 996 work system have prompted many people to speak out, both online and in person. One of the most significant moments occurred with the "996.ICU" project on GitHub, where workers shared stories about their unfair working schedules.

There are also more online discussions, hashtags, and petitions as workers demand better treatment.

Some ways people react include:

• Posting on social media about work hours and health risks
• Petitions that call for government action
• Sharing anonymous stories to raise awareness

These pushbacks show workers want changes to protect their health and rights.

⚖️ Also Read: Employment Contract in China: Guide for Employers and Employees

What Is 996 Work Culture's Role in Tech and Startups?

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996 work culture is most common in fast-moving businesses that want to grow quickly. 

It is often seen in China, especially in high-pressure environments. Understanding where it is used, why leaders support it, and if it really works helps you see both the risks and results connected with this practice.

Common Industries That Use 996

996 work schedules are closely associated with tech companies. Major internet businesses, software firms, and e-commerce platforms often require employees to work long hours.

Startups focused on artificial intelligence and logistics also adopt the 996 work schedule, as they often face rapid deadlines and intense competition. 

In some teams, working 72 hours a week is considered normal, even though Chinese labor laws do not permit it.

Other sectors might have overtime, but 996 is a common pattern if you look at jobs in:

• Software development
• Online retail
• App-based delivery and logistics
• AI research startups

This work style is less common outside these fields, but it has shaped the culture of tech and startups across China.

Why Employers Support It

Many founders and managers believe that long working hours are the only way to keep up with larger companies or to achieve goals quickly. 

The idea that everyone should “sacrifice now for future rewards” is often repeated.

Employers argue that 996 helps teams hit tight deadlines, build products faster, and attract investment. 

There is often heavy pressure to show results fast or risk falling behind the competition.

Some of the popular reasons given by employers:

• Achieve tough performance targets
• Push through rapid company expansion
• Match the pace set by industry leaders
• Build a strong commitment among workers

Despite these reasons, not all leaders support the 996 work schedule. Some question its effect on health or happiness, but many still approve it in growing tech companies.

⚖️ Also Read: Why You Need an Employer of Record to Succeed in China

Is It Really Productive?

Science and work studies say that longer work hours do not always mean you get more done. 

There is a point where working more hours each week leads to weaker results, less focus, and higher mistakes.

Common problems found with regular overtime include:

• Lower creativity and problem-solving skills
• More burnout and quitting among staff
• Not much extra output after a certain number of hours

Researchers have found that after about 50 hours per week, the output per hour drops. Over time, workers can become less productive, not more.

Many tech companies that adopt the 996 work schedule may initially experience rapid growth, but often face high staff turnover and complaints about excessive pressure. 

Working smarter, not longer, is what actually helps results.

⚖️ Also Read: Your Guide to Workplace Safety Rights in China

Legal Limits vs Reality: Is 996 Work Culture Legal in China?

Chinese labor law sets clear limits on working hours; however, the way these rules are applied in practice varies significantly. Many companies still push their workers far beyond the legal limits, especially in tech and startup industries.

Official Work Hour Limits in China

China’s labor laws say you should not work more than 8 hours each day or more than 44 hours a week. Any time spent over this limit is considered overtime.

Employers must pay extra for overtime work. There are rules that require at least 150 percent of your hourly wage for overtime on regular workdays, 200 percent for rest days, and up to 300 percent on public holidays.

In theory, these rules are designed to protect your health and promote a balanced life. The law even requires you to take at least one day off each week.

But, even with all these rules, the reality is usually different in many Chinese companies.

Key Points:

• Maximum 8 hours per workday
• Maximum 44 hours per week
• Overtime must be paid at higher rates
• At least 1 day off each week

Loopholes and Poor Enforcement

Many startups and tech companies find ways around these rules. Flexible contracts, vague job descriptions, or “voluntary” overtime make it challenging to track actual working hours accurately.

There is often pressure not to report overtime or to sign fake time sheets. Some workers are afraid of losing their jobs if they complain. 

In some companies, managers check if you are working late and even discourage you from leaving early.

Inspections by the government do happen, but not often. When violations are found, penalties are sometimes low or not fully enforced. This makes companies feel safe ignoring the law.

Common Loopholes:

• Unpaid “voluntary” overtime
• Fear of losing your job if you report abuse
• Management checks to see if you work late
• Fake records hiding true work hours

Legal Challenges and Court Rulings

In recent years, some workers have taken companies to court for requiring them to work 996-hour schedules. China’s top court has ruled that the 996 work policy is illegal, stating that it contravenes existing labor laws.

A few high-profile cases have ended with workers winning compensation. This sends a signal to companies that these practices can have consequences.

The Chinese government has announced its intention to crack down on excessive work hours. 

Now, there is increased attention to labor rights, and some companies have begun modifying their rules to comply with the law. However, enforcement can still be slow and uncertain.

Recent Legal Changes:

• 996 work schedules ruled illegal by courts
• Workers have successfully sued employers
• Labor authorities still face challenges enforcing the law
• More public talk about protecting workers’ rights

⚖️ Also Read: China Labor Laws: Guide to Regulations for Employers and Employees

Is 996 Work Culture Legal in China?

The 996 work schedule has caused major debates in China. Local labor laws and recent government actions highlight growing concerns about worker rights and fair treatment.

China’s Labor Law vs. 996

China’s labor law clearly states that the legal workday limit is 8 hours and the workweek limit is 44 hours. Overtime must not go above 36 hours per month. 

By these standards, the 996 schedule, which means working 12 hours a day, 6 days a week (totaling 72 hours), is illegal.

Many companies, especially in the tech industry, still operate under a 996 work-hour system. Enforcement of the laws is often weak. 

Workers may feel pressure to accept long working hours to retain their jobs. Inspectors and local officials do not always step in when rules are broken.

Government Crackdown & Public Backlash

In August 2021, China’s Supreme Court said that the 996 work culture is illegal. This ruling followed reports of worker deaths and widespread public concern about poor work-life balance.

Since then, some major tech companies, such as Bytedance and Kuaishou, have implemented changes to reduce overtime. 

They have started to adjust their office hours and policies, making them closer to what the law allows.

Public backlash on social media led to more attention on the problem. Many young workers are now speaking out against the 996 work schedule, calling for fairer working hours. 

The Chinese government has promised to continue reviewing company practices and to support legal working conditions.

⚖️ Also Read: Workers Rights in China: An Overview of Labor Law

Final Verdict

At Choi & Partners, we recognize the challenges that the 996 work culture brings to employee wellbeing and workplace compliance in China. 

Understanding your rights and responsibilities is crucial to fostering a healthy and productive environment. 

If you have concerns about working hours, maternity protection, or any employment-related issues, our legal team is here to help. We provide expert advice and practical solutions tailored to both employers and employees. 

For assistance with policy compliance, dispute resolution, or questions about your rights, ☎️ contact Choi & Partners today. We are committed to supporting your workplace needs and ensuring your legal peace of mind.

❓Frequently Asked Questions

Some companies in China require employees to work long hours. This practice has various effects and underlying reasons, and not everyone agrees with it.

Which companies follow 996 in China?

Many technology companies in China have used the 996 work schedule. Firms like Alibaba, Huawei, and JD.com have faced criticism for expecting staff to work from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m., six days a week.

Smaller internet startups and gaming companies have also adopted 996. However, not every company in China follows this schedule.

Why do employees accept 996?

You may find that many workers choose 996 jobs because they offer higher pay or more chances for career advancement. Some people feel pressure from China’s competitive job market and want to stand out.

Others might accept these hours because of cultural values that put importance on hard work and success. In some cases, people feel they have no other option if they want to keep their jobs.

Why is 996 work culture controversial?

996 is controversial because it leads to long working hours, high stress, and can hurt your health. Many people say it gives them little time for family or rest.

Labor rights experts also point out that 996 breaks Chinese labor laws. Some employees and activists argue that this work culture is unfair and unsafe.

Are Chinese companies still doing 996 in 2025?

Some companies in China still ask workers to do 996. But there is growing pushback from employees, the government, and the public.

Certain firms have started to move away from this practice after public criticism and legal concerns. The trend is slowly changing, but 996 has not disappeared completely.

Who started the 996 culture?

The 996 culture became known in the Chinese tech industry during the 2010s. It grew as technology companies wanted to stay ahead of rivals and launch new products quickly.

There isn’t one person or company that started it. The term "996" became popular after employees began discussing this schedule on social media and online forums.

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